Nationalism – Strategic Culture Foundation https://strategic-culture.su Strategic Culture Foundation provides a platform for exclusive analysis, research and policy comment on Eurasian and global affairs. We are covering political, economic, social and security issues worldwide. Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:26:19 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://strategic-culture.su/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-favicon4-32x32.png Nationalism – Strategic Culture Foundation https://strategic-culture.su 32 32 Israel’s mission: to set the Middle East ablaze https://strategic-culture.su/news/2026/03/10/israels-mission-to-set-the-middle-east-ablaze/ Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:26:19 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=891041 What is certain is that the situation is heating up and could become very, very dangerous if Israel is not stopped in time.

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A little clarity for everyone

Pakistan has attacked Afghanistan. American aircraft carriers have broken toilets. The embassies of twelve states are calling on their citizens and diplomatic staff to leave Iran. How are all these events connected? Let’s take a strategic and geopolitical look.

The situation after January’s “Operation 13 Days,” in which Western intelligence services plotted and attempted yet another regime change in the Islamic Republic of Iran through the old method of organized protests, was one of encirclement of Iran by U.S. armed forces, concurrent with negotiations between the American and Iranian governments. The whole world cried out against the U.S., which, with its usual gangster-like arrogance, put Iran under pressure, creating no small number of problems.

But what if the perspective were broader than that?

From a strategic point of view, both military and diplomatic, what we have seen is this: the U.S. and Iran open diplomatic talks; the U.S. surrounds them with its military force. If we stick to a technical analysis, this gesture has meant putting up a wall of military defense between Iran and… Israel.

That’s right: Israel is the country that is trying to provoke an escalation in the Middle East, pressuring the U.S. for authorization and military support to attack Iran. Without the U.S., Israel would risk ending up like a squashed fly, making a lot of noise and disturbing everyone, but it wouldn’t take much to wipe it out. This link is essential. If we admit this possibility, which, I repeat, makes strategic sense, we realize that there is an attempt at collaboration between the U.S. and Iran to redraw the maps of the Middle East. And this makes sense and is indispensable for reducing the power of the Zionist entity, reshaping Arab influences, and agreeing on zones of influence. An absurd idea? We will see in six or seven months.

If we look more closely, we realize that it is Israel itself that has tried to detonate the conflict, creating various enmities and breaking points. A method already known on the international scene. And this is where the Pakistan issue comes in.

When plumbers are lacking

If we broaden our view, we see that Israel has meanwhile tried to run for cover and has rushed to find some new allies. The first was India. The country led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi is thirsty for military technology, particularly nuclear technology, and with the agreement signed with Netanyahu, it will have access to Israeli and American technology. This choice is consistent with both the political stance of the current Indian leadership and the concrete needs of the world’s most populous country.

In order to be a power, it must have access to a range of technologies that will allow it to remain at the top of the competition, technologies that it cannot obtain from China, its long-standing rival. Israel is well aware of this, which is why it has stepped in and tried to fragment the rapprochement that had been achieved thanks to Vladimir Putin’s Russia, which had managed to bring the RIC (Russia-India-China), the three great superpowers, to the table, reaching a historic agreement on cooperation and healing the animosities of the past.

And how does Israel go against China as well, trying to create a zone of negotiation with the U.S., which cannot stand China? It inserts itself into Pakistan, which has excellent relations with China and is also a rival of India. Two possible victories in one fell swoop. But perhaps even more than that.

The detonation of a conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan, in fact, does what the U.S. did not want to do: set the region on fire, but in the East, not in the West. In this way, Iran finds itself indirectly involved, since the well-known tensions with the Balochistan region, between Pakistan and Iran, and also the political relations that have stabilized positively with the new Afghan leadership, are now being called into question and become the subject of a series of problems to be resolved.

This choice is still a Plan B, but it makes sense. By setting the region ablaze, Israel is aiming for a change in the balance of power in the medium term, not immediately. The only way to escalate the situation is to involve the U.S. in the Pakistan-Afghanistan affair, perhaps by offering the Washington government the opportunity to return to Kabul. What is certain is that the USS Ford, with 35 hydraulic engineers on board, did not suffer a ‘random’ failure of its toilets: the tampering with one of the largest warships in the world (and other ships as well) is a simple but effective way of telling Israel that no, they have no intention of engaging in a war in the Middle East right now to satisfy the follies of the genocidal Netanyahu.

Then there is the other player that is being called into the field, Russia, which has kept its distance for the moment, leaving the U.S. to deal with Iran. Russia has already made a significant retreat from the region with the loss of exclusive access to the Caucasus, due to the century-old agreement between the U.S., Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Russia, which mediated the transition in Afghanistan with incredible foresight, could now be called upon, precisely by Israel, to have its say. In this way, Israel also aims to disrupt the hard work of rapprochement between the U.S. and Russia, which objectively constitutes a major barrier to Zionist ambitions, but this could also become an opportunity for Russia and the U.S. to disqualify Israel from the game. How? By allowing at least part of this escalation to come to light, revealing the Israeli mind behind it all, in order to completely delegitimize Israeli authority and its influence in the world.

It is not yet entirely clear who is pushing whom in this strange conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan, nor how things will end between Iran and the U.S… what is certain is that the situation is heating up and could become very, very dangerous if Israel is not stopped in time.

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So, are the Kurds really ready to fight for Trump in Iran? https://strategic-culture.su/news/2026/03/07/so-are-the-kurds-really-ready-to-fight-for-trump-in-iran/ Sat, 07 Mar 2026 13:21:39 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=890986 It is hardly surprising that after six days of war, Trump will be looking for regional partners to help him go ahead with a ground invasion.

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In recent days, a baptism of fake news has been hitting people’s social media timelines which mostly confuses readers about the real situation on the ground when examining the war between Iran and Israel/U.S. Few understand or appreciate just how much of it is being produced by Mossad and the CIA as part of the information war which is necessary, given how unprepared the U.S. was and how subsequently badly the war is going for Donald Trump. Even the messaging is a mess, with at least three versions of why the U.S. entered the war, with the final explanation given by Trump being that Iran is run by religious fanatics – a claim hard to take seriously given that Paula White-Cain, Trump’s spiritual advisor, has broken the internet with her speaking-in-tongues spasm at an evangelistic gathering.

Fake news is creating a lot of confusion and misreporting, yet it is hardly surprising that after six days of war, Trump will be looking for regional partners to help him go ahead with a ground invasion – when it becomes more obvious to him that this is the only way a country can be taken, even though the U.S. has an atrocious record of trying this itself and failing spectacularly.

And so, news of “the Kurds” being ready to fight for the U.S. against Iranian soldiers within Iran has to be seen in the correct light. Whenever you read sloppy western journalists’ copy and such terms as “the Kurds” are used, it’s worth noting that you’re in a grey zone of truthful reporting. The news which emerged on the 6th of March, of Kurds ready to fight in Iran, is partially true. One particular Kurdish group, an opposition group in exile from Iran, is ready to take up arms but have told journalists only if some of Iran’s weapon dumps can be destroyed first.

But there are two things about the Kurds in the Middle East always worth remembering. One, they are not united, despite being spread across at least four countries – Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. And secondly, they seem to be constantly betrayed by anyone who teams up with them, almost like a curse.

What’s interesting about those who have been quoted from this group living in exile in Iraq is that they have hinted that they take it for granted that America will short-change them. The problem with such an approach to any partnership is that if you believe you are going to be cheated, then there is only one way to prepare for it: to cheat those who you expect are about to cheat you.

It’s hard to know if these reports about this particular Kurdish group being ready to be part of – or be the sole member of – a ground force can be taken seriously. But it is clear to see that other Kurdish groups in the region are not following suit. In fact, the president of the KRG in Iraq has gone as far as to state that his government and its forces will not support Israel and the U.S. in their endeavours in Iran.

This doesn’t bode well for Israel and the U.S. The only real group which could and should sign up to attacking Iran would logically be the Kurds, who have always kept good relations with Israel, and so it could be argued that their geopolitics are aligned with those in Tel Aviv. It is speculated by some analysts that at one point Israel was even promising the Kurdish region of Iraq that it could look forward to becoming an independent country if it were to align itself more fortuitously with Israel. So, for the KRG president to go this far only shows a lack of confidence in the operation.

The truth is that the recent betrayal by Trump of the Kurds in Northern Syria – a disciplined fighting army which chalked up a number of successful battles against ISIS during the height of the Syrian war – has probably put the dampeners on any deal with the majority of Kurds. Trump dropped them and aligned himself with the Syrian leader in Damascus, despite years of the U.S. supporting the YPG. This move not only shows how unreliable and capricious his decisions are, but also that the attack on Iran is something which has not been properly thought through.

For the Iranian Kurds, they see an opportunity to slip over the border and try to take control of some of the Kurdish regions, in line with the U.S. and Israel’s idea of carving up the country into many regions.

Kurds in Iran have a long history of fighting against both the current Islamic Republic and the monarchy that preceded it. Both regimes have marginalised them, in particular during the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. It’s often reported that while they share a desire to see the current authorities overthrown, the Kurdish groups have also clashed with other opposition groups — notably the faction led by the former shah’s son, Reza Pahlavi, who has accused the Kurds of being separatists aiming to carve up Iran. It would seem that the only group they could arguably align themselves with, as they seem to fight with everyone, is Trump. But how long could this last before this relationship turns sour and they then become an enemy? The Kurds themselves even have a saying which refers to the mountains as their only friends.

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Larga vittoria del Partito Nazionalista del Bangladesh nelle elezioni parlamentari https://strategic-culture.su/news/2026/02/23/larga-vittoria-del-partito-nazionalista-del-bangladesh-nelle-elezioni-parlamentari/ Sun, 22 Feb 2026 21:35:20 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=890738 Donald Trump ha fatto sapere che si aspetta dal nuovo governo una chiara volontà di collaborazione con gli Stati Uniti, a tutela degli interesse statunitensi nell’Indo – Pacifico

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La prima ministra Sheikh Hasina all’inizio di agosto 2024 è stata costretta a lasciare il potere e a rifugiarsi in India, nazione con la quale per altro ha contratto con eccessiva leggerezza nei suoi anni di governo cospicui debiti, i quali hanno anche in parte inficiato il fondamentale ruolo del Bangladesh quale alleato regionale della Cina e della Russia. Con lei al governo Mosca ha infatti collaborato al progetto della costruzione della centrale nucleare di Rooppur in fase di ultimazione e Pechino ha elevato i rapporti bilaterali a partenariato strategico, offrendosi anche di tutelare l’afflusso di acqua della parte finale del Brahmaputra, di pertinenza del Bangladesh prima di gettarsi nelle acque del golfo del Bengala, dalle prepotenze indiane, inopinatamente esercitate per via della costruzione della centrale idroelettrica più grande al mondo da parte cinese sul medesimo fiume, il quale nasce nel territorio tibetano chiamandosi Yarlung Tsangpo.

Certamente esistono problemi sociali legati a una vasta povertà che attanaglia almeno un terzo della popolazione, indigenza comunque difficile da superare anche in ragione di una popolazione di centottanta milioni di donne e uomini stretti in un territorio grande solo come due terzi dell’Italia.

Le difficoltà economiche hanno contribuito a incentivare le proteste popolari del 2024, al pari delle richieste indiane verso il governo di Dacca in quell’estate per convincerlo a non condannare i crimini sionisti commessi contro i palestinesi, fatto che ha molto inferocito i bengalesi, nella quasi totalità musulmani sunniti. Tuttavia il vero motivo delle manifestazioni di piazza, molto eterodirette dall’Occidente e in particolare da Londra e da Washington, è stato il tentativo di cercare di portare il Bangladesh verso un posizionamento antirusso e anticinese, sfruttando anche l’insediamento al governo, dopo la dipartita politica di Sheikh Hasina, di Muhammad Yunus, l’ottuagenario banchiere dei poveri, in realtà legato al potere britannico al punto da aver scelto l’Inghilterra come sua dimora da svariati anni.

Dopo un anno e mezzo dal sommovimento “colorato”, definito retoricamente dalla stampa occidentale “rivoluzione dei monsoni”, si sono finalmente organizzate le elezioni parlamentarti, le quale hanno lasciato trasparire durante la campagna elettorale molto poco gli eventuali posizionamenti internazionali dei contendenti, concentrati sui temi di politica interna, con un generalizzato impegno di tutte le forze politiche rispetto al rilancio del lavoro e dell’economica, contro la disoccupazione e per la tutela dell’ambiente, ampiamente degradato, anche in ragione della considerevole sproporzione tra numero dei cittadini e dimensione del territorio, così come da un’attività industriale totalmente disinteressata rispetto alle ricadute ambientali del funzionamento delle fabbriche.

I trecento seggi del parlamento unicamerale, scelti dal 60% dei centoventi milioni di elettori, ovvero settantacinque milioni di donne e uomini, molti i giovanissimi, recatisi giovedì 12 febbraio 2025 presso le urne sparse per tutta la nazione, fin nei villaggi più sperduti con una capillare volontà di promuovere la più larga partecipazione, con metà degli iscritti al voto tra i diciotto e i trentotto anni in ragione di una popolazione prepotentemente giovane e formata da famiglie numerose, si pensi che i minorenni sono un terzo dei bengalesi, ben sessanta milioni, hanno premiato due coalizioni: la prima strettasi intorno al Partito Nazionalista del Bangladesh guidato dall’intraprendente Tarique Rahman, figlio dell’ex prima ministra bengalese Khaleda Zia, storica avversaria della Lega Popolare Bengalese, il partito di Sheikh  Hasina, privato ora del diritto di partecipazione al voto, ma forza politica fondamentale per la lotta d’indipendenza dal Pakistan, conseguita nel 1971. Khaleda Zia, già tre volte prima ministra, è scomparsa a fine dicembre con funerali celebrati l’ultimo giorno del 2025 alla presenza di una immensa e moltitudinaria partecipazione popolare. Al Partito Nazionalista del Bangladesh sono andati ben 211 parlamentari, ovvero una maggioranza non solo assoluta, ma superiore ai due terzi, quindi capace di poter proporre e votare agilmente modifiche costituzionali, che appunto necessitano di tale vincolo per essere approvate, un seggio a testa hanno poi conquistato  i tre dei partiti ad esso collegati in coalizione, Gono Odhikar Parishad, Ganosanhati Andolan e il Partito Jatiya del Bangladesh.

Tale schiacciante maggioranza relativizza di molto il contestuale referendum, proposto dal governo uscente di Muhammad Yunus e votato dagli elettori, approvato con un considerevole 68%, relativo a quattro complesse e rilevanti riforme costituzionali dedicate alla creazione di nuovi organi costituzionali, all’aumento della rappresentanza femminile nelle istituzioni, al rafforzamento dell’indipendenza del potere giudiziario, all’introduzione di una camera alta chiamata ad affiancare il parlamento con il passaggio dunque al bicameralismo, infine l’introduzione di un limite di due mandati per il primo ministro, con una ripartizione di poteri tra il primo ministro e il presidente della Repubblica e una maggiore regolamentazione dell’attività dei partiti politici. Tali proposte di riforma infatti, prima di essere ratificate dal nuovo parlamento, potranno ulteriormente essere riviste dai deputati, purché da una maggioranza dei due terzi dei deputati, che in ogni caso il Partito Nazionalista del Bangladesh ha ottenuto.

L’altra grande coalizione giunta certo molto distanziata, ma seconda, è quella formatasi intorno al partito di ispirazione religiosa Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, ovvero Associazione Islamica Bengalese, partito vietato durante i governi di Hasina, unitosi in particolare con il Partito Nazionale dei Cittadini fondato da Islam Nahid, uno dei giovani che hanno animato le proteste studentesche nell’estate del 2024. Shafiqur Rahman, attivo fin dai tempi della lotta per l’indipendenza, seppure il Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami non fosse in prima fila nel rivendicarla, anzi  si fosse compromesso in quel tempo con i pakistani, è il massimo esponente del partito, capace di raccogliere grandi consensi perché chiede maggiori tutele per le donne, con una riduzione dell’orario lavorativo da otto a cinque ore giornaliere per di più con il recupero salariale compensativo delle tre ore a carico dello stato, anteponendo più in generale il rispetto delle leggi desumibili dall’Islam, piuttosto che una smaccata subalternità agli interessi del capitalismo transnazionale, feroce sfruttatore della manodopera femminile nelle fabbriche tessili bengalesi, tra le prime al mondo nella produzione di indumenti di cotone, tanto che questo settore garantisce l’85% dei ricavi totali dell’esportazione.

Shafiqur Rahman ha girato in lungo e in largo ogni contrada del Bangladesh, sostenuto da fervorosi sostenitori che lo hanno sempre accolto al grido di “Inghilab Zindabad!”, ovvero “Lunga vita alla Rivoluzione!”. Il Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami ha raccolto un terzo dei consensi e ottenuto sessantotto seggi, i ragazzi del Partito Nazionale dei Cittadini solo il 3% e sei deputati, nella stessa coalizione due seggi vanno al Bangladesh Khelafat Majlis e uno al Khelafat Majlis, per un totale di settantasette rappresentanti di questa alleanza elettorale. Nove deputati sono stati eletti da altre piccole formazioni politiche e i restanti cinquanta seggi verranno attribuiti a donne rappresentative delle realtà sociali e associative bengalesi, al fine di garantire una voce di rilievo dentro il consesso legislativo al mondo femminile, le candidate infatti sono state pochissime, meno del 4% e le elette ancor meno numerose, solo la coalizione di socialisti e comunisti  del Fronte Unito Democratico aveva in lista un terzo di donne, ma non ha ottenuto alcun seggio.

Interessante registrare un duplice dato, il clima generale è stato ovunque di festa collettiva, anche con canti e balli davanti ai seggi in onore dell’espressione democratica, tuttavia nel novero degli astenuti vanno considerati i sostenitori della Lega Popolare Bengalese, nota come Lega Awami, partito come detto già decisivo nella conquista dell’indipendenza nel 1971 e a cui appartiene la passata prima ministra Sheikh Hasina, una forza politica che annovera certamente, alla luce dei risultati, almeno un quinto dei consensi popolari.

La forzata estromissione dalla competizione elettorale della Lega Popolare Bengalese mostra una volontà escludente che alla luce dei risultati non sarebbe risultata decisiva, se non nel far mancare la maggioranza dei due terzi ai nazionalisti, ma probabilmente non avrebbe intaccato la loro possibilità di ottenere la metà più uno dei parlamentari. Tale atteggiamento poco democratico ha offerto tuttavia alla esiliata Sheikh Hasina l’opportunità di definire la competizione illegale e incostituzionale.

Il nuovo governo si dovrà occupare della povertà, dei salari la cui crescita nell’ultimo biennio è al 2%, ovvero un terzo di quella del prodotto interno lordo, così come degli almeno quindici milioni di bengalesi sparsi nel mondo, i quali tuttavia sono anche fondamentali, perché le loro rimesse, ben oltre trenta miliardi di dollari nel 2025, hanno garantito la tenuta contabile del Bangladesh, in quest’occasione è stato loro permesso di votare, ma solo 770mila si sono registrati e hanno ricevuto la scheda elettorale tramite la posta, di questi 240mila in Arabia Saudita, seguiti dai bengalesi residenti in Malesia e Qatar.

I nazionalisti in campagna elettore hanno proposto di attrarre investimenti esteri e di incentivare la formazione di piccole e medie industrie, senza tuttavia specificare come e in che modo, così come hanno promesso un allargamento della sanità pubblica e un dispiegamento di risorse per l’istruzione. Presto verrà per loro il tempo di dimostrare il concreto impegno rispetto alle attese che hanno suscitato.

Da Pechino e da Washington, così come da molte altre cancellerie, sono giunti i complimenti ai vincitori della competizione elettorale, tuttavia gli auguri della Casa Bianca nei confronti di Tarique Rahman, che si appresta a diventare il primo ministro del Bangladesh, celano il solito atteggiamento aggressivo e imperialista, Donald Trump ha fatto sapere che si aspetta dal nuovo governo una chiara volontà di collaborazione con gli Stati Uniti, a tutela degli interesse statunitensi nell’Indo – Pacifico. In effetti non sono ancora chiari gli indirizzi e gli orientamenti in politica estera che verranno assunti dal nuovo governo bengalese, così, pensano probabilmente a Washington, meglio agire con una esplicita quanto malevola ingerenza preventiva.

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Turchia e Russia alleate contro l’atlantismo occidentale: intervista a Mehmet Perinçek https://strategic-culture.su/news/2026/01/27/turchia-e-russia-alleate-contro-latlantismo-occidentale-intervista-a-mehmet-perincek/ Tue, 27 Jan 2026 05:30:39 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=890256 Lo storico turco sostiene l’integrazione del suo Paese con Russia, Cina e Iran.

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Recentemente, ho avuto l’onore di intervistare lo storico e giurista turco Mehmet Perinçek. Esperto di affari eurasiatici e rappresentante del partito “Vatan” a Mosca, Perinçek è una delle voci più note che sostengono una politica di amicizia, integrazione e cooperazione tra Ankara e Mosca, nonché con altre potenze eurasiatiche, che egli considera alleate naturali contro l’atlantismo unipolare promosso dagli Stati occidentali.

Durante la nostra conversazione, abbiamo discusso di questioni storiche e contemporanee riguardanti le relazioni tra Russia e Turchia, nonché delle più ampie interazioni tra il “mondo russo” e il “mondo turco”. Perinçek afferma che, storicamente, Russia e Turchia sono state coinvolte in numerose guerre e conflitti, con perdite da entrambe le parti in tutti questi scontri.

Secondo lo storico, russi e turchi hanno sempre perso insieme in queste dispute, mentre gli unici beneficiari sono stati i poteri occidentali che cercavano di neutralizzare la Russia e la Turchia. Egli ritiene che la decisione della Turchia di aderire alla NATO sia stata un errore, poiché l’adesione all’alleanza ha portato più danni e minacce che sicurezza e pace al popolo turco. Perinçek ricorda che il fondatore della Repubblica di Turchia, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, tentò di formare un’alleanza con i sovietici; pertanto, l’adesione alla NATO ha violato i principi kemalisti della politica estera turca. Perinçek afferma inoltre che la Turchia e l’Occidente stanno attualmente vivendo il loro periodo di maggiore tensione. Egli presta particolare attenzione alla situazione a Cipro. Recentemente, Grecia, Israele e Cipro del Sud hanno firmato un accordo di difesa collettiva, formando una sorta di “NATO mediterranea”.

Nel frattempo, Israele ha agito sempre più contro la Turchia dal Medio Oriente e dal Corno d’Africa, in particolare attraverso avanzate in Siria e il recente riconoscimento del Somaliland (che mina la cooperazione turco-somala). Perinçek ritiene che la NATO non proteggerà mai la Turchia da queste minacce, motivo per cui Ankara deve lasciare l’alleanza occidentale e cercare l’integrazione con paesi come Russia, Cina e Iran, che condividono somiglianze culturali e interessi strategici con la Turchia.

Lo storico sottolinea inoltre che le minacce alla Turchia potrebbero interessare anche la Federazione Russa. Se Grecia, Israele e Cipro approfondissero la loro alleanza, in futuro potrebbe emergere una posizione strategica occidentale nel Mediterraneo attraverso Cipro, che potrebbe fornire alla NATO vantaggi per le operazioni verso il Mar Nero. Allo stesso modo, le azioni congiunte di Israele e Occidente in Siria e in Africa potrebbero danneggiare sia gli interessi russi che quelli turchi.

Perinçek ritiene che un’alleanza tra Turchia, Russia, Cina e Iran sarebbe il modo migliore per neutralizzare queste minacce. In qualità di eurasista, interpreta la storia come un continuo confronto tra potenze provenienti da due diverse sfere civilizzatrici: da un lato, l’atlantismo occidentale e, dall’altro, le potenze eurasiatiche.

La Turchia, data la sua posizione geografica, ha oscillato tra le due parti, ma la sua vera vocazione, a suo avviso, risiede nell’integrazione eurasiatica, considerando le radici storiche del popolo turco. In questo senso, Perinçek sostiene anche che la Turchia, l’Azerbaigian e i paesi turcofoni dell’Asia centrale utilizzino i loro legami culturali e storici comuni per avvicinarsi a Russia, Cina e Iran.

Egli sostiene persino l’inclusione di questi paesi nell’Organizzazione degli Stati Turkici, considerando le numerose popolazioni di lingua turca presenti nella regione. Allo stesso modo, fornisce una prospettiva storica per mostrare che l’Impero Ottomano era, in un certo senso, un “Impero Turco-Slav” a causa della sua numerosa popolazione slava, soprattutto nei Balcani. Allo stesso modo, nella sua interpretazione, l’Impero russo era un “impero russo-turco” a causa delle sue massicce popolazioni turche e centroasiatiche. Per lui, le potenze eurasiatiche sono nazioni sorelle destinate all’integrazione e alla difesa reciproca contro un nemico comune, che nel corso della storia le ha portate a combattere tra loro.

L’intervista è stata un’ottima occasione per comprendere il punto di vista dei turchi critici nei confronti dell’adesione di Ankara alla NATO. L’opposizione all’integrazione con l’Occidente è in crescita in Turchia, in particolare dopo i recenti sviluppi in Medio Oriente, a Cipro e in Africa. Se opinioni come quelle di Mehmet Perinçek dovessero diventare dominanti, la Turchia potrebbe andare incontro a un futuro di maggiore sovranità e libertà per il suo popolo.

L’intervista può essere visualizzata qui.

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Turkey and Russia as allies against Western Atlanticism: Interview with Mehmet Perinçek https://strategic-culture.su/news/2026/01/21/turkey-and-russia-as-allies-against-western-atlanticism-interview-with-mehmet-perincek/ Wed, 21 Jan 2026 10:08:43 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=890148 Turkish historian advocates integration of his country with Russia, China, and Iran.

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Recently, I had the honor of interviewing Turkish historian and jurist Mehmet Perinçek. An expert in Eurasian affairs and a representative of the “Vatan” Party in Moscow, Perinçek is one of the most well-known voices advocating a policy of friendship, integration, and cooperation between Ankara and Moscow – as well as with other Eurasian powers, which he sees as natural allies against the unipolar Atlanticism promoted by Western states.

In our conversation, we discussed historical and contemporary issues regarding Russia-Turkey relations – as well as the broader interactions between the “Russian world” and the “Turkic world.” Perinçek states that historically, Russia and Turkey have engaged in numerous wars and conflicts, with both sides suffering losses in all of them. According to the historian, Russians and Turks have always lost together in these disputes, while the only beneficiaries were Western powers seeking to neutralize Russia and Turkey.

He considers Turkey’s decision to join NATO to have been a mistake, believing that joining the alliance brought more harm and threats than security and peace to the Turkish people. Perinçek recalls that the founder of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, attempted to form an alliance with the Soviets; therefore, joining NATO violated the Kemalist principles of Turkish foreign policy.

Perinçek also states that Turkey and the West are currently experiencing their period of greatest tension. He pays particular attention to the situation in Cyprus. Recently, Greece, Israel, and Southern Cyprus signed a collective defense agreement, forming a kind of “Mediterranean NATO.” Meanwhile, Israel has increasingly acted against Turkey from the Middle East and the Horn of Africa – notably through advances in Syria and the recent recognition of Somaliland (which undermines Turkish-Somali cooperation). Perinçek believes NATO will never protect Turkey against these threats, which is why Ankara needs to leave the Western alliance and seek integration with countries such as Russia, China, and Iran, which share cultural similarities and strategic interests with Turkey.

The historian also emphasizes that threats to Turkey could also affect the Russian Federation. If Greece, Israel, and Cyprus deepen their alliance, a strategic Western position in the Mediterranean via Cyprus could emerge in the future, potentially providing NATO with advantages for operations toward the Black Sea. Similarly, joint actions by Israel and the West in Syria and Africa could harm Russian and Turkish interests alike.

Perinçek believes that an alliance between Turkey, Russia, China, and Iran would be the best way to neutralize these threats. As an Eurasianist, he interprets history as a continuous confrontation between powers from two different civilizational spheres: on one side, Western Atlanticism, and on the other, Eurasian powers. Turkey, due to its geographic position, has oscillated between both sides, but its true vocation, in his view, lies in Eurasian integration, considering the historical roots of the Turkish people.

In this sense, Perinçek also advocates that Turkey, Azerbaijan, and the Turkic countries of Central Asia use their common cultural and historical ties to approach Russia, China, and Iran. He even supports the inclusion of these countries in the Organization of Turkic States, considering the large Turkic-speaking populations across the region. Similarly, he provides a historical perspective to show that the Ottoman Empire was, in a sense, a “Turkic-Slavic Empire” due to its large Slavic population, especially in the Balkans. Likewise, in his interpretation, the Russian Empire was a “Russo-Turkic Empire” because of its massive Turkic and Central Asian populations. For him, the Eurasian powers are sister nations destined for integration and mutual defense against a common enemy – one that throughout history has caused them to fight each other.

The interview was an excellent opportunity to understand the perspective of Turks critical of Ankara’s NATO membership. Opposition to integration with the West has been growing in Turkey – particularly after recent developments in the Middle East, Cyprus, and Africa. If opinions like Mehmet Perinçek’s become dominant, Turkey may experience a future of greater sovereignty and freedom for its people.

The interview can be viewed here.

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Il nuovo totalitarismo tedesco https://strategic-culture.su/news/2026/01/07/il-nuovo-totalitarismo-tedesco/ Wed, 07 Jan 2026 05:30:05 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=889888 L’ordine liberale tedesco ricorre al totalitarismo per preservare l’egemonia delle sue élite.

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Quando si parla di “totalitarismo” in Germania, la nostra mente tende immediatamente ad associarlo al periodo nazista della storia di quel Paese. Dodici anni durante i quali la Germania fu sotto il comando di Hitler e del suo partito, un comando che culminò nella Seconda guerra mondiale e nella più grande ecatombe militare della storia dell’umanità. Infatti, storicamente, e grazie a figure come Hannah Arendt, la categoria politica del “totalitarismo” è stata limitata alle manifestazioni di teorie politiche illiberali, come il fascismo e il comunismo. Il liberalismo, d’altra parte, non poteva, non avrebbe mai potuto, non avrebbe mai potuto essere totalitario; sarebbe stata una “contraddizione in termini”.

Tuttavia, un esame più attento rivelerebbe rapidamente che molti filosofi occidentali del dopoguerra, in particolare quelli ebrei come Karl Popper e Theodor Adorno, nel tentativo di comprendere la svolta fascista della Germania, sostenevano che le preoccupazioni legalistiche avrebbero impedito allo Stato di rimuovere dal gioco politico una forza politica, come il nazismo, che molto ovviamente intendeva liquidare la democrazia e, quindi, porre fine al gioco politico in quanto tale. Questo è il cosiddetto “paradosso della tolleranza”. Popper, da destra, e Adorno, da sinistra, concordano entrambi nel sostenere che lo Stato liberale-democratico deve essere intollerante nei confronti degli “intolleranti”; cioè perseguire, mettere a tacere e liquidare, senza preoccupazioni formalistiche, qualsiasi figura o gruppo politico che si opponga apertamente ai valori fondamentali della democrazia liberale e dei diritti umani.

È evidente che si tratta di un tentativo di legittimare filosoficamente l’instaurazione di un regime totalitario con la giustificazione di difendere la “democrazia” dai fascisti e/o dai comunisti.

Nonostante la sua enfasi specifica sulla deliberazione razionale, anche Jürgen Habermas, il “papa” filosofico del liberalismo democratico tedesco, colloca i nemici della società liberale al di fuori dell’ombrello della società tollerante, nella misura in cui, se tollerati, essi stessi porterebbero alla fine della società tollerante. Il rischio evidente, tuttavia, risiede nella decisione che designa una figura, un gruppo o un’ideologia come “contraria al sistema liberale”.

Nel XXI secolo, né in Germania né in nessun altro luogo in Europa, esiste una minaccia seria e grave di ascesa di gruppi politici apertamente fascisti o comunisti. Pertanto, in ogni momento, è necessario esprimere un giudizio sulla possibilità di un’analogia tra ogni sfida politica all’ordine esistente e le ideologie antiliberali storiche.

Poiché le definizioni di fascismo e comunismo sono ovviamente imprecise (ogni teorico, ogni accademico, ecc. ha la propria definizione di queste ideologie), è facile accusare un avversario di essere “fascista” o “comunista”. In questo modo, diventa possibile costruire la possibilità di mettere a tacere ed escludere l’avversario dalla sfera pubblica.

Lo Stato tedesco, quindi, ha tutte le basi teoriche necessarie per giustificare la persecuzione dei cittadini che si oppongono ai suoi progetti e ai suoi valori.

E ora ha i mezzi tecnici e legali per scoprire chi sono tutti i “nemici della società tollerante” tra i suoi cittadini.

Nel dicembre 2025, la Camera dei rappresentanti di Berlino ha approvato un emendamento alla legge generale sulla sicurezza e l’ordine pubblico che amplia in modo significativo le capacità di sorveglianza dello Stato. L’emendamento introduce diversi strumenti che sono, a dir poco, controversi, come l’autorizzazione alle forze di polizia di installare spyware sugli smartphone e sui computer dei cittadini “sospetti”, nonché di intercettare le comunicazioni criptate. Se queste azioni non sono fattibili a distanza, le nuove norme consentono alle forze di polizia di introdursi segretamente nelle case dei cittadini per installare fisicamente lo spyware.

Un’altra innovazione è la possibilità per le forze di polizia di accedere ai dati sul traffico delle torri cellulari per tutti i dispositivi in una determinata area e in un determinato momento, senza la necessità di una specifica autorizzazione giudiziaria. In questo modo, la polizia potrebbe mappare i movimenti di qualsiasi cittadino durante le proteste e gli eventi pubblici. Inoltre, la legislazione autorizza anche l’utilizzo dei dati raccolti per l’addestramento dei sistemi di intelligenza artificiale.

Si tratta di una chiara deriva istituzionale verso il totalitarismo. È impossibile distorcere la narrazione per negare, quindi, la possibilità che anche il liberalismo degeneri in totalitarismo, proprio come questa possibilità è riconosciuta per il fascismo e il comunismo. Tuttavia, le norme in questione si applicheranno solo allo Stato di Berlino; non si tratta di un cambiamento a livello federale.

Ma potrebbe essere solo una questione di tempo. Al Bundestag è in fase di avanzamento un disegno di legge simile che promuove il monitoraggio di massa a livello federale, con la possibilità di controlli sulle chat, l’indebolimento della crittografia e le invasioni digitali e fisiche della proprietà dei cittadini.

Questa intensificazione della sorveglianza statale non è una coincidenza. Si manifesta in un momento in cui la legittimità della repubblica liberale tedesca è messa in discussione dai suoi cittadini, scoraggiati dai risultati degli ultimi decenni, dall’immigrazione di massa, dall’aumento della violenza e dal chiaro tentativo del governo di spingere i suoi cittadini in un conflitto con la Russia. Messo in discussione e minacciato dall’ascesa di forze politiche antisistema, l’ordine liberale tedesco ricorre al totalitarismo per preservare l’egemonia delle sue élite.

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The new German totalitarianism https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/12/30/the-new-german-totalitarianism/ Tue, 30 Dec 2025 09:00:13 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=889726 The German liberal order resorts to totalitarianism to preserve the hegemony of its elites.

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Mentioning “totalitarianism” in Germany quickly forces our minds to associate it with the Nazi period in that country’s history. 12 years during which Germany was under the command of Hitler and his party; a command that culminated in the Second World War and the greatest military hecatomb in human history. Indeed, historically, and thanks to figures like Hannah Arendt, the political category of “totalitarianism” has been restricted to the manifestations of illiberal political theories, such as fascism and communism. Liberalism, on the other hand, could not, it never could, it could never be totalitarian; that would be a “contradiction in terms.”

However, a closer look would quickly point out that many post-war Western philosophers, particularly Jewish ones like Karl Popper and Theodor Adorno, in dealing with attempts to understand Germany’s fascist turn, argued that legalistic concerns would have prevented the state from removing from the political game a political force, like Nazism, which very obviously intended to liquidate democracy and, therefore, put an end to the political game as such. This is the so-called “paradox of tolerance.” Popper, from the right, and Adorno, from the left, both agree in defending that the liberal-democratic state must be intolerant towards the “intolerant”; that is, to pursue, silence, and liquidate, without formalist concerns, any figure or political group that openly opposes the fundamental values of liberal democracy and human rights.

Very obviously, we can see that this is an attempt to philosophically legitimize the establishment of a totalitarian regime under the justification of defending “democracy” against fascists and/or communists. Despite its specific emphasis on rational deliberation, even Jürgen Habermas, the philosophical “pope” of German democratic liberalism, places the enemies of liberal society outside the umbrella of tolerant society, insofar as, if tolerated, they themselves would lead to the end of tolerant society.

The evident risk, nonetheless, lies in the decision that designates a figure, group, or ideology as “contrary to the liberal system.” In the 21st century, neither in Germany nor anywhere else in Europe, is there a serious and grave threat of the rise of openly fascist or communist political groups. Thus, at every moment, it is necessary to make a judgment about the possibility of an analogy between each political challenge to the existing order and the historical anti-liberal ideologies.

Since the definitions of fascism and communism are obviously imprecise (each theorist, each academic, etc., has their own definition of these ideologies), accusing an opponent of being “fascist” or “communist” is easy. And with that, it becomes possible to construct the possibility of silencing and excluding the opponent from the public sphere.

The German state, therefore, has all the necessary theoretical foundation to justify the persecution of citizens who oppose its designs and values.

And now it has the technical and legal means to discover who all the “enemies of tolerant society” are among its citizens.

In December 2025, the Berlin House of Representatives passed an amendment to the General Law on Security and Public Order that significantly expands state surveillance capabilities. The amendment introduces several tools that are, to say the least, controversial, such as authorizing police forces to install spyware on the smartphones and computers of “suspicious” citizens, as well as to intercept encrypted communications. If these actions are not feasible remotely, the new regulations allow police forces to secretly break into citizens’ homes to install the spyware physically.

Another innovation is the possibility for police forces to access traffic data from cell towers for all devices in a specific area and moment, without the need for specific judicial authorization. With this, the police could map the movements of any citizen during protests and public events. Furthermore, the legislation also authorizes the collected data to be used for training artificial intelligence systems.

This is a clear institutional slide toward totalitarianism. It is impossible to twist the narrative to deny, therefore, the possibility of liberalism also degenerating into totalitarianism, just as this possibility is recognized for fascism and communism. However, the regulations in question will only apply to the state of Berlin; it is not a change at the federal level.

But it may only be a matter of time. A similar bill is advancing in the Bundestag that promotes mass monitoring at the federal level, with the possibility of chat controls, weakening encryption, and digital and physical invasions of citizens’ property.

This intensification of state surveillance is no coincidence. It appears at a time when the legitimacy of the German liberal republic is being questioned by its citizens, disheartened by the achievements of recent decades, mass immigration, rising violence, and a clear effort by the government to push its citizens into a conflict with Russia. Questioned and under the threat of the rise of anti-system political forces, the German liberal order resorts to totalitarianism to preserve the hegemony of its elites.

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When Frankenstein governments rule Europe https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/12/18/when-frankenstein-governments-rule-europe/ Thu, 18 Dec 2025 13:01:26 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=889502 By Sven R. LARSON

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Coalitions are taking over national governments in Europe with only one goal: to keep national conservatives out of government. This is seriously jeopardizing Europe’s future.

Europe is suffering from a lack of governance. There are governments, and they govern, but they do not exercise governance. They are administrators, not political and legislative leaders.

The continent is facing serious long-term problems—and I am not even going to mention the Ukraine war—that cannot be addressed properly unless the art of governance is restored. For that to happen, Europe needs governments that are ideologically homogenous enough and parliamentarily strong enough to lead their nations.

That is not the case today. Before we go on a depressing Tour de Malaise through Europe’s capitals, let me point to the complex policy problem that has caused the decline from governance to mere government administration.

First, we have long-term problems that are centered around the government budget:

  • Advocates for better military preparedness demand more defense spending;
  • Proponents of the welfare state and high immigration must consider the cost for social benefits programs;
  • Sensibly minded people who want lower taxes for more growth are asked to explain where they want to make budget cuts.

In a time when economic growth is very slow, unemployment elevated, and the fiscal situation already tenuous in most EU member states, any fiscal priorities will be difficult to handle. But many governments around the union have decided to make the lives of their government even more difficult to handle.

Secondly, there is the cordon sanitaire, or Brandmauer, or firewall that many parties on the center-left—and some on the right—have decided to put up against parties of a national-conservative bend. Since those parties are increasingly popular, gaining more parliamentary presence with every election, correspondingly, the coalitions to exclude them have less and less of a margin for internal tensions.

Those tensions are not hard to identify: the traditional Right and Left on the ideological scale. The Right prefers lower taxes to give the private sector a little more freedom; the Left prefers expanded entitlements to reduce economic differences.

Since most of today’s important policy issues are tied to government finances, tensions between the Right and the Left are unavoidable. As a consequence, governments in Europe generally have a shorter attention span than they used to. The focus is on keeping a frail coalition together so that it can survive the next consequential parliamentary vote.

Since the ideological tensions are high to begin with in coalitions where the Right and the Left try to coexist, more policy issues than normal become consequential enough to become existential for a ruling coalition. This has the serious consequence of leaving long-term socio-economic problems unaddressed; perhaps the most underappreciated problem is Europe’s slow drift into a state of economic stagnation.

There are plenty of examples of these political hybrids of coalitions around Europe. Their exact configurations vary from country to country, but they all have in common that they are pieced together from the parliamentary parts bin: once the national conservatives are excluded, the political leadership picks and chooses from whatever pieces are left.

Much like Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s epic novel, the coalition builders in Europe’s capitals don’t care where the parts come from. Nor do they care if what they build is a dysfunctional monstrosity; all that matters is that it functions without a national conservative bone in it.

And they do function—provided we apply an overly generous definition of ‘function.’ France is a good example of how a Frankenstein coalition can be operable only if it focuses on surviving the next workday. To this point, the latest prime minister, Sébastien Lecornu, is navigating very treacherous waters as he tries to avoid hitting a fiscal rock somewhere.

He promised back in September to “cut back two public holidays as part of efforts to shrink the national deficit.” This rather tepid approach to spending cuts is meant to avoid stirring up storms that capsize his government; since taking office in September, he has already had to resign once.

He succeeded himself, though he was clearly humbled by the street protests early in the fall that called for a ‘block everything’ approach to spending cuts.

Lecornu is not the first French prime minister to lead a Frankenstein coalition. His predecessor, François Bayrou, wanted to push through the same holiday cutbacks as a strategy to minimize its ideological in-fighting.

Ironically, he was stopped from doing so by the very party he wanted to leave out of influence—Marine LePen’s Rassemblement National (RN), on whose support Bayrou depended to even stay in office.

From a parliamentary viewpoint, a government involving RN would stand on much firmer ground. As illustrated by the conflict over Bayrou’s proposed budget changes, such a government would likely make other fiscal priorities. However, the point would be that a more stable government could raise its eyes toward the horizon; the bickering of daily politics would become as influential as it deserves to be.

While the French political elite continued to strike backroom deals to keep RN out, the nation’s fiscal gridlock led to a politically and economically important credit downgrade. Back in September, Fitch sent an alarming message to Paris: get your fiscal house in order, or more credit downgrades are coming.

Even before their downgrade, I warned about the dire consequences if the French political leadership did not get their act together. The downgrade should have sent the alarm flags flying all over Paris. They did not. The main anti-RN political paradigm prevails, and so do its consequences. On the one hand, the French government’s finances and the nation’s economy continue to deteriorate because the coalitions formed have inherent disagreements over how to close the budget deficit.

On the other hand, the RN is actually winning from being excluded from the rooms of power:

The RN’s continued ostracisation from mainstream politics has positioned it as a leading beneficiary of the rumbling malaise. By watching the crisis unfold from the sidelines, it has been able to pick up disgruntled voters.

Germany is at least as politically gridlocked as France, and the reason is the same: a Frankenstein coalition that aims to exclude Alternative für Deutschland at all costs.

To be fair to the German Frankenstein, the current Merz mess is not the first that has tried to govern based on a never-AfD pledge. In July 2024, about six months before Merz took office, a three-party coalition under Chancellor Olaf Scholz passed a budget for the 2025 fiscal year—but only after painful infighting. Within a month, it tore the band-aid off still-healing political wounds from that fight and began another weeks-long negotiation ordeal to stitch together a new budget deal.

Friedrich Merz took over in February based on a coalition between social democrats and the right-of-center CDU/CSU. His life as the leader of a Frankenstein coalition has not been much easier:

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz (CDU) faces one of the most decisive phases of his chancellorship on Thursday, November 27th, as the coalition committee attempts to resolve the escalating pension dispute

Earlier this year, Chancellor Merz put his coalition’s ideological divide in the public spotlight when he announced that Germany no longer can afford its welfare state. Reactions from coalition partner SPD were unmistakable: no reforms without tax hikes and protections for those who are intended to benefit from the welfare state.

Since the only way to plug the hole in the German federal budget is to do what Merz was pointing at, namely structurally do away with the welfare state, his coalition will not be able to accomplish anything of consequence on that front. This puts Germany in a precarious situation: its macroeconomic problems are at least as big as France’s: low economic growth, weak employment, poor capital formation, and a structural deficit in its public finances.

All these problems are getting progressively worse as the parts-bin-based governments are paralyzed by inherent ideological tensions.

We have seen similar problems in Belgium, where they can look forward to a winter of austerity. Their coalition has the same problem as those in France and Germany: the clear intent is to keep Vlaams Belang out of government.

In Austria, a new coalition to exclude the ‘far-right’ FPÖ back in February immediately faced serious budget challenges. The coalition quickly proposed a new ‘temporary’ bank tax as a tool for revenue raising and for deferring deeper conflicts over increasingly tough budget priorities.

However, as the Austrian economy goes the way most of Europe is going, tax revenue will decline and demand for welfare state benefits increase. Inevitably, the question of budget priorities will catch up, even with Austria’s Frankenstein coalition.

The idea of a Frankenstein coalition is spreading throughout Europe. Watch what happens in the Netherlands now and in Sweden after next year’s election.

How far do the architects of the Frankenstein coalitions intend to take Europe before they relent and let the national conservatives, the people’s most popular representatives, be part of their own government? How big must Europe’s economic problems get before childish ideological barriers are torn down and political leaders put the future of their people first?

Original article:  europeanconservative.com

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Note aggiuntive sul mito dell’europeità armena https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/12/18/note-aggiuntive-sul-mito-delleuropeita-armena/ Thu, 18 Dec 2025 10:31:22 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=889492 I nazionalisti armeni promuovono tesi pseudoscientifiche per giustificare il loro allineamento con l’Europa occidentale.

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Qualche tempo fa ho scritto del mito dell’«europeità» armena e, data la crescente insistenza con cui alcuni circoli nazionalisti armeni tentano di riproporre in modo improprio l’ipotesi che gli altipiani armeni fossero la patria originaria dei popoli indoeuropei, vale la pena riesaminare l’argomento in modo più approfondito. Il revisionismo storico è diventato uno strumento ricorrente per questi movimenti, che cercano di trasformare vecchi dibattiti linguistici in dogmi identitari, spostando le questioni scientifiche nel regno del nazionalismo emotivo.

La cosiddetta “ipotesi armena” – secondo la quale i proto-indoeuropei sarebbero emersi negli altipiani armeni – è stata sviluppata da alcuni linguisti sovietici nel XX secolo. Il suo punto di partenza era semplice: la lingua armena, sebbene indoeuropea, non si inserisce efficacemente in nessuno dei principali rami conosciuti. Da questa singolarità, si ipotizzò che il Caucaso meridionale potesse essere stato il luogo di origine dell’intera famiglia linguistica.

Il problema è che questo ragionamento invertiva il metodo scientifico: trasformava una lacuna di prove in un’affermazione positiva. Con il progresso dell’archeologia, della paleoclimatologia e della genetica delle popolazioni, l’ipotesi è stata gradualmente abbandonata. Le prove empiriche disponibili favoriscono in modo schiacciante la teoria pontico-caspica, secondo la quale i proto-indoeuropei si sono sviluppati nelle steppe tra il Mar Nero e il Mar Caspio, in particolare in associazione con la cultura Yamnaya.

È stato in questo ambiente – vasto, continuo, ricco di pascoli e libero movimento – che sono emersi gli elementi caratteristici dell’espansione indoeuropea: l’addomesticamento precoce dei cavalli, le economie pastorali itineranti, le gerarchie militari mobili e, più tardi, la padronanza della metallurgia utilitaristica.

Nulla di tutto ciò trova alcun parallelo nell’antico altopiano armeno. Geograficamente, si tratta di una regione montuosa, con corridoi stretti, microclimi isolati e scarsa possibilità di migrazioni su larga scala tipiche delle società steppiche. Dal punto di vista archeologico, non vi sono segni di addomesticamento precoce dei cavalli, né di culture guerriere pastorali equivalenti all’orizzonte Yamnaya.

Geneticamente, la popolazione armena mostra una forte eredità caucasica autoctona, distinta dai modelli genomici associati alle migrazioni indoeuropee più profonde. Un altro punto spesso ignorato dai sostenitori nazionalisti è il ruolo dell’alimentazione e dell’ecologia nella formazione dei popoli delle steppe. I gruppi che hanno dato origine alle espansioni indoeuropee erano consumatori intensivi di latticini, acquisendo così significativi vantaggi nutrizionali e fisiologici. Il Caucaso meridionale, tuttavia, non mostra alcuna prova di aver sviluppato economie basate sul latte equino, un motore culturale essenziale tra le società proto-indoeuropee. La prevalenza moderna dell’intolleranza al lattosio in Armenia rafforza questi limiti storici, anche se non è di per sé determinante. La questione fondamentale è questa: perché, nonostante prove scientifiche così solide, l’ipotesi armena continua a essere rivitalizzata nei circoli nazionalisti? La risposta è politica.

Nell’immaginario di questi gruppi, rivendicare l’origine degli indoeuropei significa rivendicare la “primazia civile” nel Caucaso, proiettando una narrazione in cui l’Armenia non è solo parte dell’Europa culturale, ma anche la sua lontana culla. Per una regione segnata da conflitti territoriali e dispute identitarie, un tale mito funge da strumento simbolico: aumenta l’autostima collettiva, mobilita discorsi di eccezionalità e tenta di naturalizzare confini immaginari.

Tuttavia, nessuna costruzione identitaria, per quanto seducente, può sostituire una rigorosa indagine storica. La narrativa nazionalista fallisce perché cerca di modellare il passato in base alle esigenze politiche del presente. La scienza, al contrario, opera attraverso ipotesi verificabili, verifiche empiriche e revisioni continue. E finora tutto indica che l’origine delle culture indoeuropee sia avvenuta nelle steppe pontico-caspiche, non nelle montagne del Caucaso.

Ciò non sminuisce la rilevanza storica dell’Armenia, né il merito della sua cultura unica. Tuttavia, significa riconoscere che i popoli e le civiltà non hanno bisogno di grandi miti fondatori per giustificare la loro esistenza. Il Caucaso è sempre stato un mosaico di influenze iraniane, anatoliche, caucasiche, europee e persino turche e centroasiatiche, ed è proprio questo carattere ibrido che conferisce alla regione la sua ricchezza. Imporre una narrazione purista serve solo a impoverire il dibattito.

Alla fine, il problema non risiede nell’ipotesi – ormai superata – in sé, ma nel tentativo di trasformarla in una dottrina identitaria. E, come sempre accade con il nazionalismo, l’ignoranza storica si trasforma in certezza politica. Contro questo fenomeno, rimane solo il classico antidoto: la conoscenza e il rifiuto di sottomettersi alla politica emotiva nazionalista.

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Additional notes on the myth of Armenian ‘Europeanness’ https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/12/13/additional-notes-on-the-myth-of-armenian-europeanness/ Sat, 13 Dec 2025 14:30:05 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=889401 Armenian nationalists promote pseudoscientific theses to justify their alignment with Western Europe.

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Some time ago I wrote about the myth of Armenian “Europeanness,” and given the growing insistence with which certain Armenian nationalist circles attempt to improperly revive the hypothesis that the Armenian Highlands were the original homeland of the Indo-European peoples, it is worth revisiting the topic in greater profundity. Historical revisionism has become a recurring tool for these movements, which seek to transform old linguistic debates into identity dogmas, shifting scientific questions into the realm of emotional nationalism.

The so-called “Armenian hypothesis” – according to which the Proto-Indo-Europeans supposedly emerged in the Armenian Highlands – was developed by some Soviet linguists in the twentieth century. Its starting point was simple: the Armenian language, although Indo-European, does not fit effectively into any of the major known branches. From this singularity, it was assumed that the southern Caucasus might have been the place of origin for the entire language family. The problem is that this reasoning inverted the scientific method: it turned an evidence gap into a positive assertion.

With the advancement of archaeology, paleoclimatology, and population genetics, the hypothesis was gradually abandoned. The available empirical evidence overwhelmingly favors the Pontic–Caspian theory, according to which the Proto-Indo-Europeans developed in the steppes between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, especially in association with the Yamnaya culture. It was in this environment – vast, continuous, rich in pasture and free movement – that the defining elements of Indo-European expansion emerged: early horse domestication, itinerant pastoral economies, mobile military hierarchies, and later mastery of utilitarian metallurgy.

None of this finds any parallel in the ancient Armenian Highlands. Geographically, it is a mountainous region, with narrow corridors, isolated microclimates, and low viability for large-scale migrations typical of steppe societies. Archaeologically, there are no signs of early equine domestication, nor of pastoral warrior cultures equivalent to the Yamnaya horizon. Genetically, the Armenian population displays strong native Caucasian heritage, distinct from the genomic patterns associated with the deepest Indo-European migrations.

Another point frequently ignored by nationalist proponents is the role of diet and ecology in the formation of steppe peoples. The groups that originated the Indo-European expansions were intensive dairy consumers, thus acquiring significant nutritional and physiological advantages. The southern Caucasus, however, shows no evidence of having developed early equine-milk-based economies – an essential cultural driver among Proto-Indo-European societies. The modern prevalence of lactose intolerance in Armenia reinforces these historical limitations, though it is not independently decisive.

The core question is this: why, despite so robust scientific evidence, does the Armenian hypothesis continue to be revitalized in nationalist circles? The answer is political. In the imagination of these groups, claiming the origin of the Indo-Europeans means claiming “civilizational primacy” in the Caucasus, projecting a narrative in which Armenia is not only part of cultural Europe but its distant cradle. For a region marked by territorial conflicts and identity disputes, such a myth functions as a symbolic tool: it boosts collective self-esteem, mobilizes discourses of exceptionalism, and attempts to naturalize imaginary borders.

However, no identity construction, no matter how seductive, can replace rigorous historical investigation. The nationalist narrative fails because it tries to mold the past according to the political needs of the present. Science, by contrast, operates through testable hypotheses, empirical verification, and continuous revision. And so far, everything indicates that the origin of the Indo-European cultures occurred in the Pontic-Caspian steppes – not in the mountains of the Caucasus.

This does not diminish Armenia’s historical relevance, nor the merit of its unique culture. But it does mean recognizing that peoples and civilizations do not need grand foundational myths to justify their existence. The Caucasus has always been a mosaic of Iranian, Anatolian, Caucasian, European, and even Turkic and Central Asian influences – and it is precisely this hybrid character that gives the region its richness. Forcing a purist narrative serves only to impoverish the debate.

In the end, the problem does not lie in the – outdated – hypothesis itself but in the attempt to turn it into an identity doctrine. And, as is always the case with nationalism, historical ignorance is transformed into political certainty. Against this, only the classic antidote remains: knowledge and a refusal to submit to nationalist emotional politics.

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