Alliance of Sahel States – Strategic Culture Foundation https://strategic-culture.su Strategic Culture Foundation provides a platform for exclusive analysis, research and policy comment on Eurasian and global affairs. We are covering political, economic, social and security issues worldwide. Sun, 05 Oct 2025 16:55:17 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://strategic-culture.su/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-favicon4-32x32.png Alliance of Sahel States – Strategic Culture Foundation https://strategic-culture.su 32 32 How Crisis Action shaped anti-BRICS protests in South Africa https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/10/03/how-crisis-action-shaped-anti-brics-protests-in-south-africa/ Fri, 03 Oct 2025 13:01:39 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=888043 By Manuel GODSIN

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IN the past decade, shaping another country’s public opinion has evolved into a full-fledged industry. Governments now routinely engage in sophisticated “political technology” to sway mass perception and steer sentiment abroad: online propaganda blitzes, choreographed street protests, even colour-revolution-style tactics.

A London-based NGO called Crisis Action stands out as a key player in this modern influence game.

Image: Supplied

The goals can vary, but the playbook is similar promote certain narratives, mobilise civil society, apply pressure on institutions, and ultimately influence or destabilise a target government. Often this is done under noble banners like defending democracy or protecting human rights, providing a moral pretext to isolate adversarial regimes or justify sanctions.

Against this backdrop, one revealing example of this phenomenon is the activity of a British non-governmental organisation (NGO) operating in Africa. What appears on the surface as altruistic civic engagement may, upon closer examination, be part of a coordinated geopolitical agenda.

A London-based NGO called Crisis Action stands out as a key player in this modern influence game. Founded in 2003 by former British diplomat Martin Griffiths (now a top UN humanitarian official) and Bruno Stagno Ugarte, Crisis Action emerged just as traditional covert meddling gave way to public-facing “soft power” campaigns.

The organisation is notably transparent about its activities; its website openly chronicles campaigns and partners across the globe. From those records, its footprint spans most of Africa, parts of the Middle East and Asia, and even countries of the former Soviet Union. In short, wherever conflicts or political crises intersect with Western priorities, Crisis Action is often nearby.

Moreover, generous financing reinforces this reach. Annual reports show that funding comes predominantly from Western philanthropic foundations, allied governments’ foreign ministries, and private donors, often via multi-year grants.

In 2023, Crisis Action’s budget was on the order of a few million dollars resources which enable it to intervene simultaneously in multiple regions. For instance, its track record shows a pattern of coordinated advocacy across continents.

In Africa’s Sahel region, Crisis Action helped launch the People’s Coalition for the Sahel, supporting local activists, organising protests, and driving media campaigns; in Ethiopia, critics argue its advocacy amplified one-sided narratives, sidelined local peacebuilders, and further polarised the information space by pushing allegations before independent verification.

These past initiatives, often expressed in the language of human rights, have earned the NGO a reputation as an influence multiplier for Western-aligned agendas.

Crisis Action established its presence in South Africa around 2016, expanding into a country far from any war zone but carrying outsized geopolitical weight as Africa’s most developed economy and a pivotal member of the BRICS bloc.

In South Africa, the NGO quietly built partnerships with respected civil society groups, including policymakers, legacy liberation-struggle foundations, and human-rights institutes. It ran everything from policy workshops to academic programmes and arts initiatives.

By mid-2023, these efforts converged with a major geopolitical event on South African soil: the BRICS Summit held in Johannesburg in August. This summit brought together heads of state from Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, a gathering meant to showcase the cohesion and growing influence of the BRICS coalition.

But even as officials met behind closed doors, civil-society campaigns were unfolding in parallel, sending a very different message. In practice, those advocacy activities aligned with coordinated street actions that put pressure on South Africa’s stance.

In its own 2023 report, the NGO notes that ahead of the August BRICS Summit, it worked with four prominent South African foundations on a joint appeal to BRICS-aligned counterparts urging leaders to uphold humanitarian norms, protect civilians and safeguard food supplies. In other words, the organisation itself says it was active in the BRICS window and helping to shape the message being carried to heads of state.

Information from Crisis Action’s 2023 campaign about its work in South Africa.

Image: Supplied

What actually unfolded on the ground tracked that timing. While the elite appeal moved behind closed doors, street-level mobilisations gathered in Johannesburg and Durban with an explicitly anti-BRICS frame: protesters were relocated to Innesfree Park, slogans targeted the bloc as a project, and in Durban, marchers waved Kashmir flags and anti-Modi posters.

The inside note set the cadence; the streets supplied the optics. During the summit, South African media captured reports and images of protestors holding up Ukrainian flags and placards, an unusual sight in Johannesburg.

Anti-BRICS protesters in 2023.

Image: Supplied

Meanwhile, at the centre of much of this on-the-ground activity was UAZA, a South African-based Ukrainian diaspora group that has organised regular protests in major cities since the Russian–Ukrainian conflict.

UAZA worked in tandem with international human-rights bodies like Amnesty International and other activist networks to bring people to the BRICS summit protest. Demonstrators held up posters not just about Russia, but also about other BRICS leaders. Some waved banners reading “Free Kashmir” and denouncing Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the “Butcher of Gujarat” for his past record in India, a pointed reminder of India’s contested human-rights reputation.

At the very moment BRICS leaders were extolling cooperation inside the convention hall, outside a diverse chorus of activists was telling a different story — one of oppression, and civil society resistance within BRICS countries.

Poster for the protests against BRICS in 2023.

Image: Supplied

Local reaction was mixed: some outlets framed the protests as principled solidarity, while some South Africans were uncomfortable with what they saw as foreign agitators importing their battles onto South African streets. UAZA, for instance, is a diaspora organisation, and its collaboration with Western-funded NGOs raised eyebrows.

UAZA protests in SA.

Image: Supplied

Nonetheless, the protest coalition energised by a British convener working behind the scenes succeeded in amplifying a counter-narrative during the summit. The very fact that such a protest happened on the sidelines of BRICS, despite logistical hurdles, underscored the influence of this quiet alliance between a British NGO and local civil society.

Why does it matter? The BRICS-week protests became a case study in how external actors leverage civil society to contest a nation’s economic alignment. South Africa asserts its sovereign right to choose partners, yet that choice is being contested in public by NGOs, networks, and staged demonstrations.

From one angle, this is a vibrant democracy; from another, it looks like meticulous external engineering. In short, BRICS week revealed a two-track push: a well-resourced British NGO working the inside lane while a diaspora front carried an explicitly anti-BRICS message in the streets, raising the political cost of South Africa’s alignment while keeping coordination out of view.

Africa must choose its own path, and foreign-funded NGOs should not stray beyond stated mandates. Foreign residents and groups such as UAZA offered safety, work, and opportunity here; they should not front organised protests serving outside intrigues.

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L’Alleanza del Sahel, storia senza fine di una lotta per l’Africa libera https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/10/02/lalleanza-del-sahel-storia-senza-fine-di-una-lotta-per-lafrica-libera/ Thu, 02 Oct 2025 11:30:30 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=888017 L’indipendenza piena ed effettiva, con sovranità e autonomia, è possibile, ma è ancora un processo in atto

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Alla guida di un futuro migliore

Un consiglio: non bisogna togliere gli occhi da ciò che sta avvenendo nel Sahel. E, soprattutto, non bisogna ignorare le ragioni profonde e le modalità con cui oggi l’Africa sta risorgendo proprio grazie alla Alleanza degli Stati del Sahel.

Burkina Faso, Mali e Niger costituiscono tre stati contigui, privi di sbocchi al mare, che occupano un’enorme fascia di territorio a cavallo fra il Sahara meridionale e la regione sudano-saheliana. Insieme rappresentano quasi la metà della superficie complessiva dell’Africa occidentale – circa il 45% – e circa il 17% della sua popolazione, pari a oltre 73 milioni di abitanti sommando i tre Paesi (26,2 milioni in Niger, 23,8 milioni in Mali e 23 milioni in Burkina Faso). Questi numeri da soli mostrano il peso demografico e geografico della triade saheliana.

Le società di questi Paesi presentano forti tratti comuni, frutto di secoli di scambi culturali e commerciali e di una vicinanza geografica che ha favorito la condivisione di norme e pratiche sociali, culture ancora in gran parte fondate su valori comunitari, sull’oralità come mezzo privilegiato di trasmissione del sapere, su economie prevalentemente agricole e su strutture sociali fortemente influenzate dalla religione che plasma la vita delle persone in un’apertura verticale all’esistenza.

Come il resto dell’Africa occidentale, anche Niger, Mali e Burkina Faso hanno conosciuto nel Novecento tutte le contraddizioni del dominio coloniale francese, contraddizioni che esplosero in modo evidente durante la Seconda guerra mondiale. Nella narrazione ufficiale europea raramente si ricorda che una parte significativa dei soldati e dei corpi di lavoro impiegati per liberare l’Europa dal nazismo proveniva dalle colonie francesi dell’Africa occidentale, comprese le odierne Burkina Faso, Mali e Niger. Migliaia di africani combatterono e morirono su suolo europeo, e la loro esperienza bellica alimentò una nuova coscienza politica che preparò il terreno alle rivendicazioni di eguaglianza e autodeterminazione.

Le prime organizzazioni anticoloniali

È dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, in un contesto di tentativi di affermazione del socialismo in Africa, che i movimenti anti-coloniali prendono piede e ottengono successi significativi.

Procediamo per tappe storiche. In Niger già nel 1946 nacque il Partito Progressista Nigerino, affiliato al Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, grande coalizione panafricana e anticoloniale guidata da figure come Modibo Keïta in Mali e Ahmed Sékou Touré in Guinea. L’RDA iniziò chiedendo l’uguaglianza di diritti con i cittadini francesi, ma in pochi anni passò a posizioni di rottura totale con il sistema coloniale.

In Burkina Faso, l’Unione Voltaica si unì all’RDA per costruire un fronte comune di liberazione su scala regionale. Il socialismo in Burkina Faso ha assunto una connotazione particolare durante la presidenza di Thomas Sankara, che trasformò l’allora Alto Volta in Burkina Faso, “Paese degli uomini integri”. La sua visione, ispirata al marxismo-leninismo ma profondamente adattata al contesto africano, puntava a un modello di sviluppo autonomo, fondato sulla giustizia sociale, la partecipazione popolare e l’indipendenza economica dalle potenze coloniali e dalle istituzioni finanziarie internazionali.

Sankara avviò infatti un vasto programma di riforme che includeva la redistribuzione delle terre, la promozione dell’agricoltura di sussistenza e l’alfabetizzazione di massa. Furono costruiti migliaia di scuole, pozzi e centri sanitari nelle aree rurali, con l’obiettivo di ridurre le disuguaglianze tra città e campagne. La sua politica incoraggiava il ruolo delle donne, abolendo pratiche tradizionali oppressive e promuovendone l’integrazione attiva nella vita economica e politica del Paese.

Il socialismo burkinabé si distingueva dal modello sovietico per il suo forte radicamento comunitario e per l’attenzione all’autosufficienza, criticava apertamente il debito estero, considerandolo un meccanismo di sottomissione neocoloniale, e rifiutava l’arricchimento personale dei dirigenti. La leadership di Sankare fu austera e carismatica, poiché cercava di costruire un senso di identità nazionale e solidarietà tra i cittadini in un momento di grande difficoltà per i popoli africani del Sahel.

Nonostante i risultati significativi in termini di sviluppo sociale e infrastrutturale, il progetto socialista del Burkina Faso incontrò resistenze interne ed esterne. La carenza di risorse, l’isolamento internazionale e i contrasti con le élite locali portarono a tensioni crescenti, culminate nel colpo di Stato del 1987 in cui Sankara fu assassinato.

Subito dopo, Blaise Compaoré prese il potere inaugurando un periodo di trent’anni caratterizzato da un progressivo abbandono delle politiche socialiste. Il nuovo regime cercò di normalizzare i rapporti con le potenze occidentali e con le istituzioni finanziarie internazionali, liberalizzando l’economia e riducendo la portata delle riforme popolari di Sankara. Questa transizione generò una crescente disillusione tra i cittadini, poiché le promesse di sviluppo inclusivo e giustizia sociale lasciarono spazio a corruzione, diseguaglianze e instabilità.

Nel 2014 un movimento popolare costrinse Compaoré alle dimissioni, aprendo una fase politica incerta con governi civili deboli e incapaci di rispondere all’aumento dell’insicurezza, aggravata dalla diffusione di gruppi jihadisti nel Sahel. I successivi presidenti, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré e Paul-Henri Damiba, non riuscirono a stabilizzare il Paese né a riprendere il cammino di sviluppo sociale, alimentando il malcontento.

In questo contesto di crisi, il militare Ibrahim Traoré prese il potere con un colpo di Stato nel settembre 2022, riportando in auge il sogno socialista e indipendentista di Sankara, e diventando un faro per tutti i popoli oppressi del mondo.

Il quadro internazionale aveva accelerato questo processo, soprattutto per la presenza politica di Francia e UK. La grave sconfitta francese in Indocina del 1954 e l’intensificarsi della guerra in Algeria che durò fino al 1962 ridussero la capacità di Parigi di mantenere il controllo sulle colonie. Charles de Gaulle tentò di preservare almeno parte dell’impero offrendo un compromesso: nel 1958 indisse un referendum legato alla nuova Costituzione della Quinta Repubblica. Ai territori africani furono proposte due opzioni: votare “sì” per restare nella Comunità franco-africana, mantenendo sotto influenza francese i centri nevralgici del potere, oppure votare “no” per l’indipendenza immediata, rischiando però rottura politica e isolamento economico.

Djibo Bakary – fondatore del partito Sawaba (che significa “libertà” in lingua hausa) e capo del governo dopo le elezioni del 1957 – guidò la campagna per il “no”. Solo la Guinea di Sékou Touré riuscì realmente a respingere l’offerta di De Gaulle, conquistando nel 1958 l’indipendenza immediata come prima colonia francese dell’Africa occidentale.

I leader favorevoli alla rottura furono spesso colpiti da repressione interna, alimentata dalla cooperazione tra funzionari coloniali, capi tradizionali e la nuova élite africana “évoluée” formata nelle scuole francesi e destinata a perpetuare l’ordine esistente. De Gaulle inviò un nuovo governatore, Don Jean Colombani, che mobilitò l’intero apparato amministrativo e di sicurezza per sabotare il referendum e indebolire il Sawaba, contrario anche allo sfruttamento dell’uranio nigerino da parte francese. Il “sì” prevalse ufficialmente grazie a massicce manipolazioni elettorali.

Ciononostante, la vittoria della Guinea nel 1958, dopo l’indipendenza del Ghana britannico nel 1957, costrinse Parigi a cedere progressivamente terreno. Nel 1960 ben 17 Stati africani – 14 dei quali ex colonie francesi – proclamarono l’indipendenza. Si trattò però in larga misura di una “indipendenza con bandiera”: cambiava il simbolo nazionale ma non la struttura economica. L’influenza francese restò intatta grazie a una fitta rete di accordi di “cooperazione” che, attraverso protocolli di assistenza tecnica, intese di difesa e soprattutto il sistema del franco CFA, assicuravano a Parigi un controllo sostanziale. Tali accordi obbligavano gli Stati africani a rimborsare le infrastrutture costruite nel periodo coloniale (spesso con lavoro forzato), concedevano alla Francia diritti di prelazione sulle esportazioni strategiche – in particolare uranio – garantivano alle imprese francesi esenzioni fiscali grazie al principio della non doppia imposizione, imponevano l’uso del franco CFA controllato dal Tesoro francese limitando così la sovranità monetaria e fiscale, e mantenevano basi militari francesi con libero utilizzo delle infrastrutture, incluse comunicazioni e trasmissioni.

Emblematico è il caso del Niger. Un accordo di difesa del 1961 con Costa d’Avorio e Dahomey (oggi Benin) concedeva alla Francia l’uso illimitato di infrastrutture e beni militari e definiva esplicitamente il ruolo delle forze armate francesi come garante degli interessi economici, elencando le materie prime strategiche (idrocarburi, uranio, torio, litio, berillio) e obbligando i Paesi firmatari a informare Parigi su ogni progetto di esportazione e a facilitare lo stoccaggio di tali risorse per le esigenze della difesa francese. In questo modo l’apparato militare diventava un vero e proprio strumento di tutela degli interessi commerciali e geopolitici di Parigi, che non voleva lasciare l’Africa, troppo importante per mantenere il proprio potere finanziario coloniale e gestire la propria ricchezza interna nel continente europeo.

Autonomia e ritorsioni

Il Mali di Modibo Keïta, dopo l’indipendenza del 1960, cercò di imboccare una via autonoma ispirata al socialismo: creazione di imprese statali, nazionalizzazione di settori chiave e soprattutto introduzione nel 1962 di una moneta nazionale fuori dall’area del franco CFA. La reazione francese fu immediata: isolamento diplomatico, restrizioni commerciali e sospensione dell’assistenza tecnica e finanziaria. La crisi economica conseguente aprì la strada al colpo di Stato del 1968 del tenente Moussa Traoré, sostenuto dalla Francia, che riportò il Mali nell’orbita del franco CFA nel 1984.

Negli anni Ottanta e Novanta, con la fine della Guerra fredda, Parigi riformulò la sua politica africana introducendo la “condizionalità politica”: al vertice di La Baule del 1990 François Mitterrand dichiarò che gli aiuti sarebbero stati legati a riforme democratiche come il multipartitismo. In parallelo, FMI e Banca Mondiale imposero i Programmi di Aggiustamento Strutturale (SAP): austerità, tagli al settore pubblico, liberalizzazione del commercio. In Mali questi pacchetti accompagnarono il ritorno al franco CFA nel 1984.

La devalutazione del franco CFA del 1994 rappresentò un secondo shock: ufficialmente serviva a rilanciare le esportazioni e stabilizzare le finanze, ma in realtà provocò rincari, erosione dei salari e proteste diffuse. Questa nuova fase combinava liberalizzazione economica e riforme di governance imposte dall’esterno: una “democratizzazione” di facciata che consolidava il controllo neocoloniale attraverso debito, privatizzazioni e ristrutturazioni statali guidate dai donatori.

A questi strumenti di dominio si aggiunse progressivamente la presenza militare occidentale, in particolare statunitense, quando nell 2002 gli USA lanciarono la Pan-Sahel Initiative, che segnò l’inizio di una presenza militare duratura in Mali, Niger, Ciad e Mauritania, poi estesa al Burkina Faso con la Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership del 2005.

Dal 2011 le operazioni francesi e statunitensi si intensificarono: droni USA, missioni di addestramento guidate da AFRICOM, basi militari a Gao, N’Djamena, Niamey, Ouagadougou, l’Operazione Barkhane della Francia, la forza congiunta del G5 Sahel (Burkina Faso, Ciad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger). Molte cose sono cambiate. Non è mancato anche il terrorismo religioso, che ha mantenuto la regione in una condizione di precarietà e insicurezza, diventando una piaga difficile da combattere in molte zone.

Proprio in quell’anno, 2011, avvenne anche la programmata distruzione del Libia di Gheddafi, che aprì le porte al traffico incontrollato di armi e alla proliferazione di gruppi jihadisti. Libia che rappresentava un pilastro regionale, ma che una volta bombardata distrusse anche le iniziative di mediazione dell’Unione Africana. L’Occidente prima o dopo dovrà pagare per l’enorme male compiuto alla Libia.

Verso una sempre maggiore indipendenza

Mentre le ingerenze militari erodevano la sovranità, le corporation transnazionali continuavano a estrarre ricchezza dal Sahel a condizioni fortemente inique.

Questa dipendenza economica cronica ha consolidato il sottosviluppo strutturale, limitando la capacità degli Stati di diversificare l’economia e negoziare termini commerciali più favorevoli. Ne è derivata una fragilità permanente che espone a pressioni esterne e alimenta crisi politiche, sociali e di sicurezza, laddove non è possibile, oggi, avere soltanto l’indipendenza politica, ma è necessario possedere anche quella economica.

Dagli anni Novanta, i colpi di Stato e i cambi di regime sono diventati fenomeni ricorrenti, espressione di élite che competono per il potere in contesti istituzionali deboli. Corruzione, servizi pubblici insufficienti e l’esclusione di gruppi marginalizzati hanno minato la legittimità statale e accresciuto la sfiducia della popolazione in molti Paesi africani.

La storia recente di Burkina Faso, Mali e Niger dimostra come l’indipendenza formale ottenuta negli anni Sessanta non abbia significato sovranità effettiva. Dai meccanismi economici del “debito coloniale” e del franco CFA agli accordi di difesa che integravano interessi strategici francesi, fino alle “condizionalità” imposte negli anni Ottanta e Novanta e alle missioni militari occidentali del XXI secolo, le vecchie forme di dominio si sono in molti casi trasformate piuttosto che dissolversi, e i leader attuali, che vogliono veramente cambiare la situazione, si trovano davanti ad una complicata struttura statale che deve essere rinnovata completamente. E, di più, è una struttura occidentale, europea, che deve essere riadattata al mondo africano.

Comprendere questa traiettoria è essenziale per leggere l’attuale fase politica nel Sahel: solo inserendo le crisi contemporanee in questa cornice storica si può cogliere il senso delle rivendicazioni di sovranità e delle scelte radicali compiute da governi e società civili della regione.

L’indipendenza piena ed effettiva, con sovranità e autonomia, è possibile, ma è ancora un processo in atto, non è già completa, ed è soprattutto un procedimento che parte da un consolidamento ideologico di “chi” e “cosa” sono quei popoli. Segue poi la scelta di quali forma politiche adottare, secondo la propria sensibilità e tradizione, anche declinando il socialismo in modi sconosciuti all’esperienza europea. Cacciare ciò che resta dei colonialisti, smantellare ogni loro struttura e rifondare con spirito africano le loro terre, è una missione che richiederà coraggio e sacrificio.

Non si può non concludere con una citazione del Presidente Capitano Ibrahim Traoré: “Insieme e in solidarietà, trionferemo sull’imperialismo e il neocolonialismo per un’Africa libera, dignitosa e sovrana”.

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The Sahel Alliance, the never-ending story of a struggle for a free Africa https://strategic-culture.su/news/2025/09/30/the-sahel-alliance-the-never-ending-story-of-a-struggle-for-a-free-africa/ Tue, 30 Sep 2025 11:01:07 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=887980 Full and effective independence, with sovereignty and autonomy, is possible, but it is still a work in progress.

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Leading the way to a better future

A word of advice: keep your eyes on what is happening in the Sahel. And, above all, do not ignore the underlying reasons and the ways in which Africa is now rising again thanks to the Alliance of Sahel States.

Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger are three contiguous, landlocked states that occupy a huge swath of territory straddling the southern Sahara and the Sudano-Sahelian region. Together, they account for almost half of West Africa’s total area—about 45%—and about 17% of its population, with a combined total of over 73 million inhabitants (26.2 million in Niger, 23.8 million in Mali, and 23 million in Burkina Faso). These figures alone demonstrate the demographic and geographic weight of the Sahelian triad.

The societies of these countries share strong common traits, the result of centuries of cultural and commercial exchanges and geographical proximity that has fostered the sharing of social norms and practices, cultures still largely based on community values, oral tradition as the preferred means of transmitting knowledge, predominantly agricultural economies, and social structures strongly influenced by religion, which shapes people’s lives in a vertical openness to existence.

Like the rest of West Africa, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso experienced all the contradictions of French colonial rule in the 20th century, contradictions that exploded in a dramatic fashion during World War II. The official European narrative rarely mentions that a significant proportion of the soldiers and laborers employed to liberate Europe from Nazism came from the French colonies in West Africa, including present-day Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. Thousands of Africans fought and died on European soil, and their war experience fueled a new political consciousness that paved the way for demands for equality and self-determination.

The first anti-colonial organizations

It was after World War II, in a context of attempts to establish socialism in Africa, that anti-colonial movements took hold and achieved significant successes.

Let’s proceed in historical stages. In Niger, the Nigerien Progressive Party was founded in 1946, affiliated with the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain, a large pan-African and anti-colonial coalition led by figures such as Modibo Keïta in Mali and Ahmed Sékou Touré in Guinea. The RDA began by demanding equal rights with French citizens, but within a few years it moved to a position of total break with the colonial system.

In Burkina Faso, the Voltaic Union joined the RDA to build a common front for liberation on a regional scale. Socialism in Burkina Faso took on a particular connotation during the presidency of Thomas Sankara, who transformed the then Upper Volta into Burkina Faso, ‘the land of honest men’. His vision, inspired by Marxism-Leninism but deeply adapted to the African context, aimed at a model of autonomous development based on social justice, popular participation, and economic independence from colonial powers and international financial institutions.

Sankara launched a vast program of reforms that included land redistribution, the promotion of subsistence agriculture, and mass literacy. Thousands of schools, wells, and health centers were built in rural areas with the aim of reducing inequalities between cities and the countryside. His policy encouraged the role of women, abolishing oppressive traditional practices and promoting their active integration into the economic and political life of the country.

Burkinabe socialism differed from the Soviet model in its strong community roots and focus on self-sufficiency. It openly criticized foreign debt, considering it a mechanism of neocolonial subjugation, and rejected the personal enrichment of leaders. Sankare’s leadership was austere and charismatic, as he sought to build a sense of national identity and solidarity among citizens at a time of great difficulty for the African peoples of the Sahel.

Despite significant achievements in terms of social and infrastructural development, Burkina Faso’s socialist project met with internal and external resistance. A lack of resources, international isolation, and conflicts with local elites led to growing tensions, culminating in the 1987 coup d’état in which Sankara was assassinated.

Immediately afterwards, Blaise Compaoré took power, ushering in a thirty-year period characterized by a gradual abandonment of socialist policies. The new regime sought to normalize relations with Western powers and international financial institutions, liberalizing the economy and reducing the scope of Sankara’s popular reforms. This transition generated growing disillusionment among citizens, as promises of inclusive development and social justice gave way to corruption, inequality, and instability.

In 2014, a popular movement forced Compaoré to resign, ushering in a period of political uncertainty with weak civilian governments unable to respond to rising insecurity, exacerbated by the spread of jihadist groups in the Sahel. Subsequent presidents, Roch Marc Christian Kaboré and Paul-Henri Damiba, failed to stabilize the country or resume the path of social development, fueling discontent.

In this context of crisis, the military leader Ibrahim Traoré seized power in a coup d’état in September 2022, reviving Sankara’s socialist and independence dream and becoming a beacon for all oppressed peoples around the world.

The international situation had accelerated this process, especially due to the political presence of France and the UK. France’s heavy defeat in Indochina in 1954 and the intensification of the war in Algeria, which lasted until 1962, reduced Paris’s ability to maintain control over its colonies. Charles de Gaulle attempted to preserve at least part of the empire by offering a compromise: in 1958, he called a referendum on the new Constitution of the Fifth Republic. The African territories were offered two options: vote ‘yes’ to remain in the French-African Community, keeping the centers of power under French influence, or vote ‘no’ for immediate independence, but risking political rupture and economic isolation.

Djibo Bakary—founder of the Sawaba party (which means “freedom” in the Hausa language) and head of government after the 1957 elections—led the “no” campaign. Only Sékou Touré’s Guinea really managed to reject De Gaulle’s offer, gaining immediate independence in 1958 as the first French colony in West Africa.

Leaders in favor of breaking away were often subjected to internal repression, fueled by cooperation between colonial officials, traditional leaders, and the new African “évoluée” elite educated in French schools and destined to perpetuate the existing order. De Gaulle sent a new governor, Don Jean Colombani, who mobilized the entire administrative and security apparatus to sabotage the referendum and weaken the Sawaba, which was also opposed to French exploitation of Nigerien uranium. The “yes” vote officially prevailed thanks to massive electoral manipulation.

Nevertheless, Guinea’s victory in 1958, following the independence of British Ghana in 1957, forced Paris to gradually give ground. In 1960, as many as 17 African states—14 of which were former French colonies—proclaimed independence. However, this was largely a case of “independence with a flag”: the national symbol changed, but not the economic structure. French influence remained intact thanks to a dense network of ‘cooperation’ agreements which, through technical assistance protocols, defense agreements and, above all, the CFA franc system, ensured Paris substantial control. These agreements obliged African states to repay the infrastructure built during the colonial period (often with forced labor), granted France preemptive rights on strategic exports—particularly uranium—guaranteed French companies tax exemptions thanks to the principle of non-double taxation, imposed the use of the CFA franc controlled by the French Treasury, thus limiting monetary and fiscal sovereignty, and maintained French military bases with free use of infrastructure, including communications and transmissions.

The case of Niger is emblematic. A 1961 defense agreement with Côte d’Ivoire and Dahomey (now Benin) granted France unlimited use of military infrastructure and assets and explicitly defined the role of the French armed forces as guarantor of economic interests, listing strategic raw materials (hydrocarbons, uranium, thorium, lithium, beryllium) and obliging the signatory countries to inform Paris of any export projects and to facilitate the storage of these resources for French defense needs. In this way, the military apparatus became a real instrument for protecting the commercial and geopolitical interests of Paris, which did not want to leave Africa, too important to maintain its colonial financial power and manage its internal wealth on the European continent.

Autonomy and retaliation

After independence in 1960, Modibo Keïta’s Mali sought to embark on an autonomous path inspired by socialism: the creation of state-owned enterprises, the nationalization of key sectors, and, above all, the introduction in 1962 of a national currency outside the CFA franc area. The French reaction was immediate: diplomatic isolation, trade restrictions, and suspension of technical and financial assistance. The resulting economic crisis paved the way for the 1968 coup d’état by Lieutenant Moussa Traoré, supported by France, which brought Mali back into the CFA franc zone in 1984.

In the 1980s and 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, Paris reformulated its African policy by introducing ‘political conditionality’: at the 1990 La Baule summit, François Mitterrand declared that aid would be linked to democratic reforms such as multipartyism. At the same time, the IMF and the World Bank imposed Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs): austerity, public sector cuts, trade liberalization. In Mali, these packages accompanied the return to the CFA franc in 1984.

The devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994 was a second shock: officially, it was intended to boost exports and stabilize finances, but in reality it led to price increases, wage erosion, and widespread protests. This new phase combined economic liberalization and externally imposed governance reforms: a facade of “democratization” that consolidated neocolonial control through debt, privatization, and donor-led state restructuring.

These instruments of domination were gradually joined by a Western military presence, particularly from the U.S., when in 2002 the U.S. launched the Pan-Sahel Initiative, which marked the beginning of a lasting military presence in Mali, Niger, Chad, and Mauritania, later extended to Burkina Faso with the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership of 2005.

Since 2011, French and U.S. operations have intensified: U.S. drones, training missions led by AFRICOM, military bases in Gao, N’Djamena, Niamey, Ouagadougou, France’s Operation Barkhane, and the G5 Sahel joint force (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger). Much has changed. Religious terrorism has also been present, keeping the region in a state of precariousness and insecurity, becoming a scourge that is difficult to combat in many areas.

It was in that same year, 2011, that the planned destruction of Gaddafi’s Libya took place, opening the door to uncontrolled arms trafficking and the proliferation of jihadist groups. Libya was a regional pillar, but once bombed, it also destroyed the African Union’s mediation efforts. Sooner or later, the West will have to pay for the enormous harm done to Libya.

Towards ever greater independence

While military interference eroded sovereignty, transnational corporations continued to extract wealth from the Sahel under highly unfair conditions.

This chronic economic dependence has consolidated structural underdevelopment, limiting the ability of states to diversify their economies and negotiate more favorable trade terms. The result is permanent fragility that exposes them to external pressures and fuels political, social, and security crises, where it is not possible today to have only political independence, but it is also necessary to have economic independence.

Since the 1990s, coups and regime changes have become recurrent phenomena, reflecting elites competing for power in weak institutional contexts. Corruption, inadequate public services, and the exclusion of marginalized groups have undermined state legitimacy and increased public mistrust in many African countries.

The recent history of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger shows that the formal independence achieved in the 1960s did not mean effective sovereignty. From the economic mechanisms of “colonial debt” and the CFA franc to defense agreements that integrated French strategic interests, to the “conditionalities” imposed in the 1980s and 1990s and the Western military missions of the 21st century, old forms of domination have in many cases been transformed rather than dissolved, and current leaders who genuinely want to change the situation are faced with a complicated state structure that needs to be completely overhauled. What is more, it is a Western, European structure that needs to be readapted to the African world.

Understanding this trajectory is essential to interpreting the current political phase in the Sahel: only by placing contemporary crises in this historical context can we grasp the meaning of the claims to sovereignty and the radical choices made by governments and civil societies in the region.

Full and effective independence, with sovereignty and autonomy, is possible, but it is still a work in progress, it is not yet complete, and above all, it is a process that starts with an ideological consolidation of ‘who’ and ‘what’ these peoples are. This is followed by the choice of which political forms to adopt, according to their own sensibilities and traditions, even declining socialism in ways unknown to European experience. Driving out what remains of the colonialists, dismantling all their structures, and rebuilding their lands with an African spirit is a mission that will require courage and sacrifice.

One cannot fail to conclude with a quote from President Captain Ibrahim Traoré: “Together and in solidarity, we will triumph over imperialism and neocolonialism for a free, dignified, and sovereign Africa.”

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Sahel, the resurgent Africa https://strategic-culture.su/news/2024/08/06/sahel-resurgent-africa/ Tue, 06 Aug 2024 15:43:53 +0000 https://strategic-culture.su/?post_type=article&p=880378

Conscience. Action. Revolution. Africa in 2024 is the real protagonist of multipolar change.

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Conscience. Action. Revolution. Africa in 2024 is the real protagonist of multipolar change. The Global South now has an increasingly strong leadership and has no intention of stopping.

The recent constitution of the Confederation ‘Alliance of Sahel States’, officially founded by Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso on 6 July in Niamey, marks a watershed in the political and military history of West Africa and the decolonization process that is experiencing a new wave after that of the 20th century.

The challenges of regional security and defense against external pressures, in particular France and the United States of America, are answered in the strategic partnership that is destined to become the central pivot not only of defense, but also of the contemporary African revolution.

The defense pact

It is 16 September 2023: Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso have announced the formation of the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) Defense Pact. Conceived to allow the three countries to work together against threats of internal armed rebellion and external aggression, the pact signed with the document known as the Liptako-Gourma Charter, named after the region where the border between the three countries is located, stipulates that any attack on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of one of the signatory countries will be considered an aggression against all the others.

The leader of Mali, Colonel Assimi Goïta, stated during the signing of the document that his aim was to establish a framework of collective defence and mutual assistance. This will be the case. This alliance aims to combine the military and economic efforts of the three countries, with the priority of fighting the terrorism that has devastated the Sahel region in recent years, but also repelling threats from other countries in the region.

Bye bye ECOWAS

On 28 January this year, Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso announced their immediate withdrawal from the Communauté Economique des Etas de l’Afrique Occidentale (ECOWAS). The three countries accused the regional bloc of being influenced by foreign powers and of betraying the founding principles of ECOWAS and becoming a threat to its members, referring to the increasing threats of military intervention in Niger.

The decision to withdraw from ECOWAS was in fact a response to the economic sanctions imposed by the organization and the threat of military intervention in Niger after the coup d’état of July 2023, which brought the junta led by Abdourahamane ‘Omar’ Tchiani to power. In this regard, Goïta emphasized that the confederation had failed to support our fight against terrorism and insecurity, while Captain Ibrahim Traoré, Burkina Faso’s military chief, explicitly accused Western powers of exploiting their countries and using ECOWAS to pursue their own ends in the region.

So we come to 6 and 7 July: the military leaders of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso met in the Niger capital Niamey for the first summit of the Alliance of Sahel States and formed the ‘Alliance of Sahel States’ confederation, strengthening the defense pact and announcing plans for greater economic and political integration. This event cast a shadow over the simultaneous ECOWAS summit held in Abuja, Nigeria, marking an event of great regional and global significance.

General Omar Tchiani of Niger said that the peoples of their countries have turned their backs on ECOWAS because they want to build a sovereign community emancipated from the foreign powers looming over Africa. He also added that AES will create a joint military force to fight jihadist terrorism, defend territories, and guard the development of strategic sectors such as agriculture, water, energy, and transport.

The yoke of the CFA Franc

One of the most important points discussed in recent months, and in particular during the Niamey summit, was the plan to abandon the CFA franc, a currency considered a colonial legacy as it is controlled by France, which in this way maintains a strong economic and financial influence over the entire region.

Although no precise indications have yet been given about the possible decision to abandon the CFA Franc, this is seen by many analysts as an important step towards complete economic independence. Captain Traoré recalled at the summit how the currency is a sign of sovereignty.

The currency, introduced by France in 1945, provided financial stability, but was also seen as a mechanism of economic control by the former colonial power. Conversion to a new currency is therefore seen as a necessity to allow the AES countries to have more control over their economic and monetary policies, and achieve complete independence in this respect.

On the whole, the establishment of the Confederation of Sahel States has raised concerns on the part of the Western powers, which see their influence severely weakened on the African continent. ECOWAS, which had hoped for the eventual return of the three countries, is now faced with a new geopolitical reality, with three important countries in the region having definitively left the Economic Community. The European Union, led by France, and other Western powers, such as the United States, are watching this development carefully. Despite initial difficulties, this new regional bloc is a sign of the determination of the three governments involved to defend their sovereignty and to work together to address common challenges.

The abandonment of the CFA Franc and the creation of a new currency could mark the beginning of a new era of economic independence for the three countries, providing an example for the other peoples of the region as well. The AES has the potential to become a model for regional cooperation in Africa, demonstrating that these countries are finally ready to break free from Western neo-colonialism and join the multipolar world as major players.

Africa is no longer France’s cash cow. A new Heartland is rising.

 

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